Sorting

• Introduction to Sorting
• Basics of Asymptotic Analysis and Worst Case & Average Case Analysis
• Different Sorting Algorithms and their comparison
• Algorithm paradigms like Divide & Conquer, Decrease & Conquer, Transform & Conquer
• Presorting
• Extensions of Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort
• Common sorting-related coding interview problems

Recursion

• Recursion as a Lazy Manager's Strategy
• Recursive Mathematical Functions
• Combinatorial Enumeration
• Backtracking
• Exhaustive Enumeration & General Template
• Common recursion- and backtracking-related coding interview problems

Trees

• Dictionaries & Sets, Hash Tables 
• Modeling data as Binary Trees and Binary Search Tree and performing different operations over them
• Tree Traversals and Constructions 
• BFS Coding Patterns
• DFS Coding Patterns
• Tree Construction from its traversals 
• Common trees-related coding interview problems

Graphs

• Overview of Graphs
• Problem definition of the 7 Bridges of Konigsberg and its connection with Graph theory
• What is a graph, and when do you model a problem as a Graph?
• How to store a Graph in memory (Adjacency Lists, Adjacency Matrices, Adjacency Maps)
• Graphs traversal: BFS and DFS, BFS Tree, DFS stack-based implementation
• A general template to solve any problems modeled as Graphs
• Graphs in Interviews
• Common graphs-related coding interview problems

Online Processing Systems

• The client-server model of Online processing
• Top-down steps for system design interview
• Depth and breadth analysis
• Cryptographic hash function
• Network Protocols, Web Server, Hash Index
• Scaling
• Performance Metrics of a Scalable System
• SLOs and SLAs
• Proxy: Reverse and Forward
• Load balancing
• CAP Theorem
• Content Distribution Networks
• Cache
• Sharding
• Consistent Hashing
• Storage
• Case Studies: URL Shortener, Instagram, Uber, Twitter, Messaging/Chat Services

Batch Processing Systems

• Inverted Index
• External Sort Merge
• K-way External Sort-Merge
• Distributed File System
• Map-reduce Framework
• Distributed Sorting
• Case Studies: Search Engine, Graph Processor, Typeahead Suggestions, Recommendation Systems

Applied Cryptography

• Deep dive into symmetric and asymmetric Cryptography techniques
• Discussion on ideal Cryptography outcomes: Confidentiality, Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-repudiation
• Detailed analysis of symmetric vs. asymmetric Cryptography 
• Discussion on interesting interview questions:
• What would it take to break RSA? 
• How can one perform a MITM attack on all HTTPS traffic? Is it even possible?
• Explain why the length of the key does matter?
• The brain behind Cryptography: Avalanche Effect, Hash Functions, Hash Collision
• Deep dive into Public Key Infrastructure and PKI standards
• Different methods for authentication: Kerberos, SAML, OAuth 2.0, JSON Web Token
• Protocols for enhancing network security: TLS (Transport Layer Security), IPSec, Secure Shell (SSH)

Network Security

• Develop critical thinking on networks: deep dive into OSI layers
• Comprehensive coverage - ARP, IP & MAC, Protocols, Firewall placement, TCP, etc.
• Important interview questions on a secure Wi-fi connection, pre-shared key, firewalls, and many other network security topics
• Important steps to secure DNS and DHCP servers
• Discussion on multiple network security components: IDS, IPS, Firewall, and VPN
• Challenging assignments on DNS poisoning, SYN/ACK flood attack

Cloud Security

• Detailed analysis of stages where one needs to protect the data: 
• Data-at-rest, 
• Data-in-transit, 
• Data-in-use
• Security challenges in the cloud: shared security model
• Deep dive into common cloud security mistakes: granting public access to data, Disabled logging and monitoring, and many more
• Top attacks on the cloud: DDoS and its types
• Discussion on Identity and Access Management in cloud
• The interview focused on open-ended assignments and challenging questions:
• As a consultant, how would you improve client cloud security posture?
• How would you secure a cloud containerized environment?
• Why is tagging important when it comes to cloud environments?

Application Security

• Focus on building a security mindset for developing secure applications
• Challenging assignment based on real-life scenarios: Music streaming API security
• Deep dive into application security principles: Threat Modeling, OWASP Top 10
• Discussion on code reviews questions: Identify security flaws in the given code (most frequently asked in FAANG+)
• Case studies on application security flaws:
• Link Shortening
• IDOR
• User-Facing Authentication
• Discussion on important security frameworks to keep your application secure
• STRIDE
• CHIRPS

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